NPRC Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026): Complete Issue Review

Opening Paragraph

The February 2026 issue of the NPRC Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Volume 3, Number 2) presents seventeen original research articles spanning an impressive breadth of disciplinary domains, including public administration, environmental science, health studies, economics, education, migration studies, cultural heritage, and technology. Published by Tribhuvan University Central Library through the Nepal Journals Online platform, this issue demonstrates the journal's commitment to advancing knowledge on pressing issues facing Nepal and the broader South Asian region. The collection is particularly notable for its strong policy orientation, with most articles offering actionable recommendations for policymakers, practitioners, and community stakeholders. From examinations of green governance and sustainable development to analyses of immigrant workers' vulnerabilities and machine learning applications in economic forecasting, this issue reflects both methodological diversity and contextual relevance. The following reviews provide brief analytical summaries of each contribution, highlighting their research approaches, key findings, and contributions to their respective fields.

Article 1: Human Rights Approach in Nepal's Development Strategies: A Critical Overview

Author: Er. Sachindra Kumar Deo (Pages 1-11)

This foundational article opens the issue with a critical examination of how the Human Rights-Based Approach (HRBA) has been operationalized within Nepal's development framework. Through qualitative analysis of constitutional texts, periodic plans, and institutional reports, the author assesses the gap between normative commitments and substantive outcomes. The study reveals that while Nepal has achieved substantial progress in constitutionalizing fundamental rights and aligning development planning with HRBA principles and Sustainable Development Goals, a persistent implementation gap remains. The National Human Rights Commission, despite its constitutional status and Paris Principles accreditation, faces challenges in enforcing its recommendations due to weak institutional coordination and political interference. Through a SWOT analysis, the article identifies federalism and international partnerships as opportunities, while political instability and entrenched social inequalities pose significant threats. The author concludes that without strengthening sub-national governance, institutionalizing rights education, and ensuring meaningful participation of marginalized groups, HRBA risks remaining rhetorical rather than transformative.

Article 2: Coping Strategies of Teachers and Students in Addressing Teaching-Learning Challenges within the Semester System at Mid-West University

Author: Ramesh Khatri (Pages 12-23)

This qualitative narrative inquiry explores the challenges encountered by teachers and students in implementing the semester system at Mid-West University, a newly established public institution in Nepal's remote Karnali region. Through in-depth interviews with five teachers and five students across five graduate schools, the study identifies five thematic challenges: curriculum-practice mismatch, infrastructure and resource constraints, ICT skill gaps, time pressure and assessment load, and adaptive self-reliance amid weak institutional support. Teachers reported teaching outdated content, such as referencing village development committees long after Nepal's transition to federalism, and developed coping strategies including selective teaching, reliance on online resources, and personal investment in teaching materials. Students faced overcrowded classrooms, inadequate library resources, and heavy assessment loads, responding through peer learning and self-study. The study uniquely reveals how both groups demonstrate remarkable adaptability despite systemic shortcomings, with teachers teaching on holidays and developing self-prepared materials. The author recommends urgent curriculum revision aligned with labor market demands, establishment of centralized digital resource hubs, and balanced assessment policies.

Article 3: Impact of Road Infrastructure to Market Access and Income Generating Opportunities of Rural Area in Mahottari District of Nepal

Authors: Bhagu Yadav & Madhav Prasad Dahal (Pages 24-40)

This mixed-methods study examines how road infrastructure improvements between 2016 and 2024 have transformed rural livelihoods in three municipalities of Mahottari District. Drawing on household surveys with 240 respondents, key informant interviews with rural municipality presidents, and focus group discussions, the research demonstrates that improved road connectivity has substantially enhanced market access by reducing travel time and transportation costs. The findings reveal significant livelihood diversification: while 78.2% of households relied primarily on agriculture before road development, this figure decreased to 25.8% afterward, with households transitioning to livestock farming, small businesses, shopkeeping, fishery, and wage employment. Quantitative analysis shows that average monthly household income increased from pre-road levels, with a mean impact score of 3.72 indicating strong positive effects. The study confirms Growth Pole Theory, demonstrating how roads serve as catalysts for local economic development by connecting rural producers to larger markets, enabling better prices for agricultural goods, and facilitating access to inputs and services. The authors recommend continued investment in rural road infrastructure integrated with local economic planning and value chain development.

Article 4: Green Governance: The Role of Public Administration in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals

Authors: Prem Bahadur Giri, Tek Nath Dhakal, Hari Prasad Ghimire, Uttam Raj Giri & Ajay Giri (Pages 41-64)

This systematic literature review, conducted using the PRISMA 2020 framework across Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases, reconceptualizes green governance as an administrative transformation process rather than merely sectoral environmental policy. Analyzing 53 studies published since 2020, the authors identify five fundamental dimensions of green governance: governance mechanisms, bureaucratic capacity, policy instruments, institutional barriers, and best practices. The review reveals that comprehensive and inclusive governance systems enhance policy coherence and legitimacy, while professional and independent bureaucracies optimize regulatory and adaptive capacity. Notably, the study finds that sustainability performance is enhanced through combined regulatory, market-based, and informational tools, yet fragmented institutions, limited capacity, weak accountability, and political short-termism continue to constrain SDG implementation. The theoretical contribution lies in positioning public administration as a constitutive agent mediating between sustainability aspirations and measurable outcomes. The authors conclude that countries with stronger administrative capacity and integrated governance systems are more likely to achieve sustained progress on environmental SDGs, offering policy implications for inter-ministerial coordination, capacity building, participatory governance, and performance-based monitoring.

Article 5: Carbon Sequestration Rates Using the Allometric Equations of the Fast Growing Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) in Central Nepal

Authors: Nabin Raj Joshi & Gunanand Pant (Pages 65-89)

This original research addresses a critical gap in Nepal's forestry science by developing species-specific allometric equations for Paulownia tomentosa, a fast-growing tree species recently introduced to Nepal for its carbon sequestration and land restoration potential. Through destructive sampling of nineteen 15-20-year-old trees at ICIMOD's Knowledge Park in Godavari, the researchers measured biomass across seven tree components and developed regression models based on diameter at breast height (DBH). The study finds that the logarithmic model ln(M) = β₀ + β₁ ln(D) provides the most optimal predictions, with DBH serving as a reliable single predictor while adding tree height did not improve model performance. The carbon sequestration analysis reveals remarkable results: mean baseline carbon stock of 149.81 tC ha⁻¹ in 2014 increased to 202.01 tC ha⁻¹ by 2022, yielding a sequestration rate of 5.87 tC ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. This rate exceeds those reported for REDD+ pilot sites in Nepal and Indian Himalayan forests. The root-shoot ratio of 0.11 indicates greater aboveground biomass allocation, suggesting the species may not be ideal for highly erosive slopes. The equations provide smallholders, community forest managers, and policymakers with practical tools for estimating plantation productivity and carbon credits.

Article 6: Risks of De-institutionalizing Foreign Policy in Nepal

Author: Kaushal Kishor Ray (Pages 90-98)

This timely policy analysis examines the growing trend of de-institutionalizing foreign policy in Nepal, where formal diplomatic processes are increasingly bypassed in favor of informal, ad-hoc, and leader-centric approaches. Drawing on institutionalism and foreign policy analysis frameworks, the author identifies globalization, rapid advancement of information technology, democratization of foreign policy, and domestic political instability as primary drivers. The study critically analyzes how this trend has led to poor inter-agency coordination, fragmented policy positions in international negotiations, weakened accountability, and suboptimal outcomes in areas like climate diplomacy and international development cooperation. The author draws parallels with Mexico's experience, where neoliberal reforms led to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs losing coordination powers in technical areas. In Nepal's context, with 17 governments in 20 years, political instability has exacerbated institutional erosion, leading to confusion over institutional arrangements for climate finance negotiations and challenges in ratifying international agreements like the MCC Compact. The article concludes that reversing this trend requires enhanced institutionalization, capacity-building within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and strengthening of established rules and coordinating mechanisms to ensure policy continuity, credibility, and efficacy.

Article 7: Crop Insurance in Nepal: Farmers' Perception on Paddy Crop Insurance and Institutional Performance in Chitwan and Bardiya Districts

Authors: Shiva Sundar Ghimire, Shiddi Ganesh Shrestha, Hari Krishna Panta, Govinda Prasad Sharma & Udit Prakash Sigdel (Pages 99-115)

This comprehensive mixed-methods study investigates the persistently low penetration of Nepal's subsidized agricultural insurance program, focusing on paddy farmers in two major grain-producing districts. Surveying 460 respondents equally divided between insured and non-insured farmers, supplemented by key informant interviews and focus group discussions, the research reveals a striking paradox: while farmers appreciate the government's initiative (index value 0.44), they express strong dissatisfaction with claim procedures, compensation adequacy (-0.27), and timely payment (-0.31). Institutional performance assessment shows the Nepal Insurance Authority receiving negative perceptions across most roles (-0.09 mean index), particularly in dispute resolution (-0.21) and claim documentation facilitation (-0.14). Insurance companies performed better on document requirements (0.27) but poorly on timely claim payment (-0.30). Key barriers include complex documentation, delayed claim settlement, low awareness, and poor coordination among implementing agencies. The study uniquely compares Chitwan and Bardiya districts, revealing significant socio-demographic differences with Bardiya exhibiting higher illiteracy (39.52%) and ethnic diversity. The authors recommend standardized technology-based loss assessment mechanisms, trained loss assessors, simplified procedures, and active dispute resolution roles for regulatory bodies.

Article 8: Ensemble Based Machine Learning Model for Prediction of Diabetes

Author: Ramesh Prasad Bhatta (Pages 116-129)

This technical study evaluates the performance of ensemble learning algorithms for early diabetes prediction using the PIMA Indian Diabetes dataset, with important implications for healthcare in developing countries where early detection can reduce complications and expenses. The research benchmarks AdaBoost, Gradient Boosting, XGBoost, and a Stacking Ensemble model against traditional approaches, employing rigorous preprocessing, cross-validation, and performance metrics including accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and ROC-AUC. Results demonstrate a clear hierarchy in model performance: AdaBoost achieved 76% accuracy (ROC-AUC 0.81), Gradient Boosting 79% (0.85), XGBoost 82% (0.88), and the Stacking Ensemble 86% (0.91). The Stacking Ensemble's superior performance (4.8% relative improvement over XGBoost) stems from its ability to capitalize on model diversity, combining AdaBoost's strength in classifying difficult instances, Gradient Boosting's error learning, XGBoost's complex interaction capture, and logistic regression's optimal output combination. The balanced precision (0.82) and recall (0.80) values are particularly critical for medical applications where minimizing false negatives prevents missed diagnoses. The study concludes that ensemble methods, particularly stacking, offer robust tools for early diabetes detection, with implications for developing decision support systems in resource-constrained healthcare settings.

Article 9: The Chariot, Communities, and State: Negotiating Heritage Governance in the Bungadya Jatra

Author: Bikash Gnawali (Pages 130-146)

This ethnographic case study examines the complex governance dynamics surrounding the Bungadya Jatra (Rato Matsyendranath Festival), a 7th-century living tradition in Nepal's Lalitpur district. Through policy analysis, cultural observations during the 2025 festival cycle, and interviews with eleven key stakeholders including hereditary priests, carpenters, rope-work specialists, and municipal officers, the research reveals that the festival's preservation challenges stem not from lack of rules but from fragmented governance across multiple agencies. The study applies a triangulated theoretical framework combining Material-Based, Living-Heritage, and Value-Based approaches to analyze conflicts between the 60-foot wooden chariot's traditional route and modern urban infrastructure. Findings document how the Barahi Guthiyar's traditional woodworking skills (using nail-less joints), the Yawal Guthi's rope-work expertise, and the Paneju priests' ritual knowledge are threatened by economic pressures and urban encroachment. The research identifies critical tensions: between material integrity and urban development, between ritual autonomy and state regulation, and between traditional funding systems and modern economies. The author proposes a single Festival Management Authority combining municipal planning with Guthi traditions, designation of the parade route as a "Mobile Heritage Corridor," and a "Living Human Treasures" program to support hereditary practitioners financially and technically.

Article 10: Cultural Retention and Adaptation among Nepali Immigrants in Canada

Author: Sharad Acharya (Pages 147-163)

This qualitative study addresses a significant gap in diaspora literature by examining how Nepali immigrants in Canada navigate the dual challenge of preserving cultural heritage while integrating into a multicultural society. Through semi-structured interviews with ten purposively selected first- and second-generation immigrants, the research employs thematic analysis within an integrated theoretical framework combining Acculturation Theory, Transnationalism, Cultural Identity Theory, and Social Remittance Theory. Findings reveal that major festivals (Dashain, Tihar, Losar) remain strongly preserved among first-generation immigrants, while minor rituals decline among younger generations who participate for social rather than religious reasons. Language maintenance faces significant challenges due to English dominance in schools and peer interactions, with community institutions like Gurukul schools playing vital compensatory roles. The study uniquely documents how Canadian multicultural policies facilitate cultural expression, with non-Nepali friends wearing saris during Teej celebrations. Digital media emerges as a crucial tool for cultural continuity, connecting immigrants to festivals and practices across borders. Intergenerational dynamics show second-generation youth developing hybrid identities, with some reporting feelings of marginalization due to limited cultural knowledge. The research concludes that cultural adaptation does not replace heritage but rather produces dynamic bicultural identities shaped by family practices, community support, and multicultural opportunities.

Article 11: Machine Learning for Remittance Forecasting and Macroeconomic Dynamics in Nepal: An Integrated Analytical Framework

Author: Bhola Nath Ghimire (Pages 164-179)

This innovative study develops an integrated machine learning framework for forecasting remittance inflows to Nepal and analyzing their macroeconomic impacts, addressing the limitations of traditional econometric models in capturing nonlinear dependencies and structural breaks. Using monthly data (2000-2023) from Nepal Rastra Bank, the World Bank, and the Department of Foreign Employment, the author benchmarks ARIMA and VAR models against Random Forest, XGBoost, LSTM, and a hybrid LSTM-Attention architecture. The hybrid LSTM-Attention model achieves remarkable 45% improvement in forecasting accuracy (4.9% MAPE) compared to ARIMA. SHAP analysis reveals exchange rate volatility as the most influential predictor, with an inverted U-shaped effect: moderate volatility (0.02-0.04) increases remittances, while excessive volatility (>0.06) reduces them. Oil prices show a structural break after Nepal's 2015 migration policy liberalization, with strong positive relationships emerging post-reform. Macroeconomic impact analysis using ML-augmented VAR shows a one-standard-deviation remittance shock increases GDP growth by 0.35 percentage points (peak at 6 months) and inflation by 0.18 percentage points (peak at 14 months), revealing delayed inflationary transmission. The study concludes that remittances exhibit a dual macroeconomic role—stimulating short-term growth while generating delayed inflationary pressures—recommending policy focus on managing volatility rather than levels.

Article 12: Understanding the Multifaceted Challenges of Immigrant Women Workers in Nepal

Authors: Namrata Grace Gurung & Sunita Mainali (Pages 211-219)

This groundbreaking study addresses a critically under-examined population: immigrant women workers who migrate to Nepal from other countries, primarily India and Bangladesh, and are employed in informal, unregulated sectors like domestic work, caregiving, and hospitality. Employing qualitative critical policy analysis and integrative literature review through a gender-responsive and intersectional lens, the research reveals how intersecting structures of gender, class, nationality, and legal status produce profound marginalization. The analysis demonstrates that Nepal's migration governance frameworks are structurally biased toward outbound migration, with policies like the National Action Plan on Business and Human Rights (2024-2028) failing to extend meaningful protection to inbound workers. Key findings document that employment in the informal economy places these women outside standard labor protections, leading to wage exploitation, unsafe working conditions, and harassment. Immigration status, often irregular or undocumented, creates barriers to reporting abuse and accessing justice. The study includes the poignant case of Hira Bhujel, who died after being abandoned by her employer while undocumented, illustrating the human cost of policy gaps. The authors call for a paradigm shift toward gender-responsive, intersectional approaches extending labor rights, monitoring, and grievance mechanisms to all workers within Nepal's borders regardless of origin or documentation status.

Article 13: The Bhagavad Gita as a Framework for Sattvic AI: Aligning Artificial Intelligence with Sustainable Development

Authors: Shiva Raj Adhikari, Hira Lal Shrestha & Dasarath Neupane (Pages 220-229)

This conceptually innovative article bridges ancient philosophical wisdom with contemporary technological challenges by developing a unique ethical framework for sustainable artificial intelligence based on Bhagavad Gita concepts. Critiquing the dominant "move fast and break things" approach to technology development, the authors argue that without robust ethical foundations, AI threatens to worsen sustainability crises and hinder achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. The framework applies three fundamental Gita concepts: Dharma (Cosmic Duty) to redefine AI's purpose toward Lokasamgraha (world welfare); Nishkama Karma (selfless action) to discipline AI development through process-oriented ethical review; and the three Gunas (Sattva, Rajas, Tamas) as an evaluative framework for AI systems. The authors develop practical implementation tools including Dharma Statements articulating AI's cosmic and social duty, Nishkama Development Protocols such as pre-mortem ethical failure analysis and blind ethical review, and Guna Impact Assessments (GIA) requiring developers to score systems across Sattvic, Rajasic, and Tamasic dimensions. The framework proposes governance innovations including Dharma Councils with veto powers and incentive realignment to overcome "first-mover disadvantage" for sustainability. This represents the first systematic application of Bhagavad Gita philosophy to create operational pathways for ethical and sustainable AI development.

Article 14: Gaps in Teaching Comprehensive Sexuality Education: A Review of Literature

Authors: Sharmila Pokharel & Bhimsen Devkota (Pages 230-243)

This systematic literature review examines how Comprehensive Sexuality Education (CSE) is actually taught to children aged 5-15 years across diverse socio-cultural contexts, with special emphasis on Nepal where progressive policies coexist with limited classroom practice. Analyzing 45 peer-reviewed studies from over 15 countries published between 2010-2024, the authors identify three major implementation gaps: inadequate teacher preparation and discomfort teaching sensitive topics; socio-cultural and religious barriers creating classroom silence; and reliance on outdated, lecture-based pedagogy rather than participatory methods. In Nepal, despite supportive policies, CSE remains fragmented, culturally shame-bound, and biologically focused, excluding critical topics like consent, gender equality, and sexual diversity. The review uniquely centers on teaching processes rather than content, revealing that teachers worldwide agree CSE is necessary but struggle with implementation due to training gaps, personal values conflicts, and cultural taboos. Students across contexts desire comprehensive information but rely on informal, often inaccurate sources. The authors propose Anderson and Krathwohl's revised Bloom's taxonomy as a framework for moving beyond factual recall toward critical thinking and practical skill development. Alternative delivery models including online platforms, peer education, and community-integrated approaches show promise for Nepal's context, where internet access is rapidly increasing among adolescents.

Article 15: Behavioural Biases and Mutual Fund Investment Decisions: The Role of Loss Aversion and Risk Perception

Authors: P Radha, Manju Priya R & G. Srividya (Pages 244-253)

This quantitative study examines how psychological biases influence mutual fund investment decisions among 180 retail investors in India, focusing specifically on loss aversion and risk perception. Using multiple regression analysis and chi-square tests, the research demonstrates that both loss aversion (β = -0.410, p < 0.001) and risk perception (β = -0.330, p < 0.001) have significant negative effects on investment decisions, together explaining 38% of the variance in investor behavior (R² = 0.38). Cross-tabulation analysis reveals that investors with low loss aversion show higher proportions in high investment decision categories, while those with high loss aversion concentrate in low decision categories. Similarly, investors with low risk perception demonstrate higher participation in high investment decisions. The study uniquely quantifies how these biases manifest in specific behaviors: investors with high loss aversion and elevated risk perception demonstrate conservative decision-making, premature redemptions during market volatility, and inconsistent investment patterns that potentially undermine long-term wealth creation. The findings challenge traditional financial theories assuming rational investor behavior, supporting prospect theory's assertion that losses hurt more than equivalent gains feel good. Practical recommendations include behavioral counseling during market downturns, simplified risk communication through scenario-based disclosures, and investor education programs focusing on bias awareness and long-term investing principles.

Article 16: Awareness and Preventive Practices related to Cervical Cancer among Women in Pokhara Metropolitan City

Author: Rojana Dhakal (Pages 254-268)

This community-based cross-sectional study assesses cervical cancer awareness and screening utilization among 464 married women aged 21-65 years in Pokhara Metropolitan City, addressing a critical public health concern in Nepal where cervical cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Using structured interviews and Bloom's cut-off points for knowledge assessment, the research reveals alarming gaps despite high-level awareness. While 90.3% of participants had heard of cervical cancer, 90% demonstrated poor awareness of the disease and its screening. Only 17.7% had undergone screening, with 61% of those screened reporting Pap smear tests. The primary reason for non-participation was absence of perceived health problems (79.8%), followed by inadequate knowledge about the test. Statistical analysis shows significant associations between awareness levels and educational status, occupation, age at marriage, parity, and age at first childbirth. The study contextualizes findings within WHO's 90-70-90 global strategy for cervical cancer elimination, noting that while national guidelines recommend Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) for women of reproductive age, screening coverage remains limited with only a small proportion ever screened. The author recommends targeted culturally sensitive educational interventions addressing misconceptions about feeling healthy, provider-initiated counseling, and community-based awareness programs to improve knowledge and promote regular screening.

Closing Paragraph

Collectively, the seventeen articles in this issue of the NPRC Journal of Multidisciplinary Research offer a compelling portrait of contemporary scholarship on Nepal and the broader South Asian region. Several cross-cutting themes emerge from this diverse collection. First, a persistent implementation gap between policy intent and practical outcomes appears across multiple domains—from human rights-based development and educational reform to agricultural insurance and heritage governance—suggesting that institutional quality and administrative capacity are as critical as policy design. Second, methodological innovation is evident throughout, with studies employing machine learning for economic forecasting and disease prediction, allometric equations for carbon accounting, and qualitative approaches for understanding migration and cultural retention. Third, the issue demonstrates strong commitment to addressing pressing social challenges, including women's health, immigrant worker vulnerabilities, adolescent sexuality education, and climate-resilient infrastructure. The journal's multidisciplinary scope enables productive cross-fertilization of ideas, with governance frameworks from public administration informing analyses of heritage management, and behavioral economics insights enriching understanding of investment decisions. As Nepal continues its federal transition and grapples with sustainable development challenges, research of this caliber—grounded in local contexts while engaging with global scholarly conversations—provides essential evidence for informed policymaking and practice. This issue successfully advances the journal's mission of bridging academic research with real-world applications in Nepal and beyond.