https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/nprcjmr/article/view/69013
Role of Commodity Market
in Economic Development: A Study of Major Markets of Bagamati Province
Lila
Nath Dhungel, *
Research Scholar, Sikkim Professional University
Dr.
Kushendra Bahadur Mahat,
Visiting Professor, Sikkim Professional University,
India
Dr.
Sushil Kumar Panta,
Visiting Professor, Sikkim Professional University,
India
Corresponding
author*
Received: March 10, 2024; Revised &
Accepted: June 23, 2024
Copyright: Dhungel,
Mahat and Panta, (2024)
Abstract
Market
usually plays a vigorous role fulfilled peoples demand and also strengthen the
capacity of trade management system, always support the national economy of the
country. Supply system and demands maintain the requirement and functional
operations in a market. This study aims to analysis the role of commodity
markets in the positive economic development in context of Nepal. The major
markets such as Narayanghat, Nuwakot, and Banepa from the Bagamati Province were
chosen representative purposively samples. The study was further executed
through the primary and secondary research mode as well as consultative
meetings and Key Informant Interview were conducted.
The
study revealed that Paddy, wheat and maize cereals are the topmost commodities
in the area. Paddy is high in demands due to consumption. The local producers
sufficient for some 2-3 months during season, for the rest of the months,’
supply from neighbor’s district, Terai region and India playing a leading role
to fill the demand, agent booking is another mode of supply, India and Terai
region are the major sources of supply management. Some 60 % local production are
available for 2-3 months in the local market making income and contributing the
national economy. Study concluded, as local production played a vital role in
the economy of the nations due to comprehensive farm gate price and ongoing
supply. Local production strengthening is advised.
Keywords:
commodity market, cereal production, economic development, supply system
सारांश
बजारले प्रायः मानिसहरूको माग पूरा गर्ने र व्यापार प्रबन्धन प्रणालीलाई सबल बनाउने गतिशील भूमिका खेल्दछ र देशको राष्ट्रिय अर्थतन्त्रलाई सधैं समर्थन गर्दछ। आपूर्ति प्रणाली र मागले बजारमा आवश्यकता र कार्यात्मक सञ्चालन कायम राख्दछ। यस अध्ययनले नेपालको सन्दर्भमा वस्तु बजारहरूको सकारात्मक आर्थिक विकासमा भूमिकाको विश्लेषण गर्ने लक्ष्य राख्दछ। बाग्मती प्रदेशका प्रमुख बजारहरू जस्तै नारायणघाट, नुवाकोट, र बनेपालाई प्रतिनिधि उद्देश्यपूर्ण नमूनाको रूपमा छानिएको थियो। प्राथमिक र द्वितीयक अनुसन्धान मोडका साथै परामर्श बैठकहरू र प्रमुख सूचनादाता अन्तर्वार्ता गरेर अध्ययनलाई अगाडि बढाइएको थियो।
अध्ययनले देखायो कि धान, गहुँ र मकै अन्नहरू क्षेत्रमा शीर्षस्थ वस्तुहरू हुन्। उपभोगको कारण धानको माग उच्च छ। सिजनमा स्थानीय उत्पादकहरूले २-३ महीनाको लागि पर्याप्त उत्पादन गर्दछन्, बाँकी महीनाहरूमा छिमेकी जिल्ला, तराई क्षेत्र र भारतबाट आपूर्तिले माग पूरा गर्न प्रमुख भूमिका खेल्दछ। एजेन्ट बुकिङ आपूर्तिको अर्को मोड हो। भारत र तराई क्षेत्र आपूर्ति प्रबन्धनका प्रमुख स्रोत हुन्। लगभग ६०% स्थानीय उत्पादन स्थानीय बजारमा २-३ महीनाको लागि उपलब्ध हुन्छ जसले आम्दानी सिर्जना गर्दछ र राष्ट्रिय अर्थतन्त्रमा योगदान पुर्याउँछ। अध्ययनले निष्कर्ष निकाल्दछ कि व्यापक फार्म गेट मूल्य र निरन्तर आपूर्तिको कारण स्थानीय उत्पादनले राष्ट्रको अर्थतन्त्रमा महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका खेलेको छ। स्थानीय उत्पादनलाई सबल बनाउन सिफारिस गरिएको छ।
कुञ्जीशब्दहरू: वस्तु बजार, अन्न उत्पादन, आर्थिक विकास, आपूर्ति प्रणाली
Introduction
Nepal
has an agrarian-based economy that contributes almost one-third to the
country’s GDP, and two-thirds of its population is engaged in agriculture
According
to Gaire (2011), the government are promoting economic growth, price stability,
and management of market-based issues for sustained global growth and
prosperity. It was found that the recent run-up in energy and commodity prices
underscores their macroeconomic significance, putting the inflation risks posed
by rising energy and commodity prices
The
central bankers and fiscal policy authorities need to pay close attention to
potential inflation risks of commodity market. The goal of the fiscal and
monetary policies of the country is to achieve a path of strong and stable
growth, accompanied by low and stable inflation. To receive this credential in
the current situations it will require a consistent set of policy responses
that should include structural measures designed to improve market efficiency,
and a coordination between the monetary and fiscal policies
Various study has shown that
the commodity markets are integral to the global economy. Understanding what
drives developments of these markets is critical to the design of policy
frameworks that facilitate the economic objectives of sustainable growth,
inflation stability, poverty reduction, food security, and the mitigation of
climate change.
Commodity markets are integral to the global economy
Developments
in these markets have major effects on the global economy. In turn, changes in
the global economy materially affect commodity markets. A deeper understanding
of the determinants of the supply of and demand for commodities can help
clarify the nature of commodity price movements and what drives them.
Understanding those determinants would also help assess how commodity market
developments, such as oil price shocks, affect commodity-exporting and
commodity-importing countries
Nepal’s
urban economic base is still rudimentary. The primary sector employs 30% of the
economically active population aged 10 years and over,7 the rest working in the
nonagricultural sector. In contrast, slightly over 70 % of the economically
active rural population is engaged in primary production. The wholesale and
retail trades and manufacturing are the two most important industrial divisions
in both urban and rural areas. The primary production sector employs more than
50 % of the working population in 17 of 58 designated urban areas. “Trading
accounts for 16.2 % of the workforce, while manufacturing accounts for 15.4 %.
The relatively low share of manufacturing indicates that urban areas largely
export raw materials and import finished products”
The
Government of Nepal introduced “Special Economic Zones (SEZ) and Export
Processing Zones (EPZ) in 2003, aiming at making exports competitive by cutting
production costs. Four special economic zones have been identified as export
processing zones, including Bhairahawa, Birganj, Panchkhal (Kavrepalcnchok district),
and Ratmate Jiling (Nuwakot District). Necessary work at Bhairahawa is ongoing
(Ministry of Finance 2007). Altogether, 11 industrial districts or estates are
now located at major urban areas”
Planned
development first encompassed Nepal’s urban areas in the early 1970s through
the initiation of growth-pole strategy. By the Fourth Plan (1970–1975), after
national economic planning met with limited success, planning efforts were
redirected to four development regions (NPC 1970), with the addition of a
fifth, the far-western region, in 1981
Among
the cereal production Rice, Maize, and Wheat are the major stable commodity
products with its highest pockets area belongs from Chitwan, Nuwakot,
Kavrepalanchok district, Bhaktapur and some part of Sindhuli and Makwanpur
district recorded largest production in Bagamati Province
Various
review study shows that only 47 % local production is sufficient from own
production and rest 53 % is covering by the India through import system
Nepal
economy is associated with rural agriculture supply system. Paddy and major
cereal not only supplied in the various area that also sustain the local food
sufficiency. Farm gate price is major source of farmers that fulfilled the
houses demands, this amount further support the national economy through
cooperative and other financial institutions, thus local agriculture production
is vital to balance the supply system
A
study of FNCCI shows that Nepal commodity supply sustaining due to continue
supply of various commodities from India and China. Commodities such as rice,
Pulses, oilseeds, and major food staples almost covering 50 % to Nepal as a
requirement. Nepal sufficiency trend towards livestock production mainly milk
is sufficient, but many demands is supplied through neighbor countries
The
above literature thus concluded as the cereal commodity in context of Nepal
mainly rice, maize and Wheat played a significant role in the Nepalese market
system but do this help in economic strengthening is a gap oh this study.
Hence, to keep this statement an objective further setup to describe the role
of commodity in the economic development in context of Nepal.
Methods
This
study is designed through a mixed method approach on which both Qualitative and
Quantitative analysis is designed
The
Study was conducted in between January to March 2022, the questionnaires
further entered SPSS vol 20, and some parts of analysis were done in MS excel. Tables
will be generated from the crosstab modes and some table will be explain as it
will be collected from the secondary analysis.
Results and
Discussion
In
this section, the result of this study further explains through the tables and various
validation through FGD and KII the detail is mentioned herewith, some data from
the secondary sources will also add to make a comprehensive knowledge for the
readers through discussion mode; -
Table-1,
Traders buying trend in the study area
|
Legend |
Purchased-1 |
Purchased -2 |
Purchased-3 |
|||
|
N |
% |
N |
% |
N |
% |
|
|
Local markets/ mills/ farm gate-Direct purchase |
31 |
68.9 |
3 |
6.7 |
1 |
2.2 |
|
Neighbor district |
3 |
6.7 |
16 |
35.6 |
16 |
35.6 |
|
Terai based market |
0 |
0 |
4 |
8.9 |
11 |
24.4 |
|
India |
4 |
8.9 |
0 |
0 |
10 |
22.2 |
|
Booking agent do deliver me in the shop |
7 |
15.6 |
22 |
48.9 |
7 |
15.6 |
|
Total |
45 |
100 |
45 |
100 |
45 |
100 |
(Source: - Field survey, 2022)
The
trend shows that the primary source (Table-1) of seasonal purchase (March-August)
is from local markets of the respective districts, some from the local mills
and some from the farm gate area direct from the farmers or cooperatives, the
majority of survey from the sample site (Annex-1) refers that some 68.9
% are doing the same as purchasing local production as a first preference,
whereas for the rest of the months traders feels easy to but commodity from the
agents who are delivering at the door steps, such bookings is depending on a
price including transportation cost and this trend runs when there is some
demands raised and some essential goods required so the booking agent provide
such support and delivered at the door steps. The majority of retailers-kirana
pasal (Grocery shops) are high (Annex-1). Most traders refer as 35.6 %
people do buy from the neighbor district means purchase from the nearby
district-based markets. For surveyed markets the neighbors are Hetauda,
Kathmnadu, Bhairhawa and some other district-based markets. The analysis further
is showing a trend that Terai based markets such as Birgunj, Janakpur,
Bhairhawa, Butwan and Biratnagar markets are near to India boarders whose prime
source are terai area and from India. Direct from India has a limited access of
traders due to various trade policy and custom rules, but for most of the malls
or some of the wholesaler’s people raised that they have a direct access and
during favorite time they direct import from India.
Federation
of Nepal Chamber have published a similar data on annual book that farmers are
diverted on modern livelihood mode and earning through business and local
entrepreneurship, local production is challenging now days through agriculture
production
KII
an FGD Comments from AKC, Farmers, Ministries and FNCCI:
Apart
from the local season the whole cereal demands filled through Terai and Indian
market because the Terai production also supports selected markets to run the
market for additional 2-3 months but nearly for 6-month supply market is fully
depends on Indian supply management.
Table-2, Commodity Sufficiency
Summary-Perspectives of Traders from various sources:
|
Legend |
Local |
Neighbor |
Terai |
India |
Agent |
|||||
|
N |
% |
N |
% |
N |
% |
N |
% |
N |
% |
|
|
For 1 months |
2 |
4.4 |
34 |
75.6 |
18 |
40 |
1 |
2.2 |
44 |
97.8 |
|
2-3 months |
29 |
64.4 |
4 |
8.9 |
14 |
31.1 |
41 |
91.1 |
1 |
2.2 |
|
3-6 months |
13 |
28.9 |
7 |
15.6 |
13 |
28.9 |
2 |
4.4 |
0 |
0 |
|
6 to 9 months |
1 |
2.2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
2.2 |
0 |
0 |
|
Total |
45 |
100 |
45 |
100 |
45 |
100 |
45 |
100 |
45 |
100 |
(Source: - Field survey, 2022)
Traders
surveyed shows (Table-2) that the market have stock of some 2-3 months (64.4 %)
which is obtained from the local production. It means the farmers of the local
area do sale Paddy-rice, Maize and wheat which last for 2-3 months and keep
themselves for the survival from the own stock. Market trend shows that the Neighbor
market such as Hetauda, Kathmandu, Bhairahawa do supply to the surveyed market
who source is from the local area or from the else. The trend of market found
that the traders buy for 1 month stock from the neighbor and after sale they
again manage stock from the various sources. From Terai region also the
majority have shown to buy and stock for 2-3 and 3-6 months because after
finishing of local production markets do depends on the terai supply during
September to December months as a cyclic order. From India it was found some
91.1 % supply system do from the India because the local production is not
sufficient and at least the market supply is fully relied on Indian commodity
of Cereal for some 6 months. The role of agent is also a vital as 97.8 % people
strongly chosen one month supply this indicating that traders have plenty of
opportunity to order food commodity during on/ off season in the market.
KII
and Chamber of Commerce and Industries of the respective district stated that
the:
“Local
production is only sufficient for few months in Bagamati Province, for some
additional months the supply system carried from the Terai region which may
source of own on India and for rest of the months India is the most useful
medium to fill the demands of the cereal crop which is chosen for the study”.
Table-3, Opinion on District
food sufficiency from the local production in a season
|
Legend |
Sufficiency rice |
Sufficiency Maize |
Sufficiency Wheat |
|||
|
N |
% |
N |
% |
N |
% |
|
|
For 1 months |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
20 |
44.4 |
|
2-3 months |
29 |
64.4 |
35 |
77.8 |
24 |
53.3 |
|
3-6 months |
14 |
31.1 |
10 |
22.2 |
1 |
2.2 |
|
6 to 9 months |
2 |
4.4 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Total |
45 |
100 |
45 |
100 |
45 |
100 |
(Source: - Field study, 2022)
In
case of Food sufficiency commodity wise, Table-3 revealed that the local
production is sufficient for some 2-3 months in the local areas while farmers
do sale during season, this rice, maize, wheat, legumes, and oil seeds further
collected through mills, traders who later packed and sale in the markets. The
traders have wonderful opportunity to generate employment and revenue for the
country, the Traders, and nations both get an economic benefit from this value
chain system. Thus, the study moderately shows that the economy from the farm production
through market is supporting the economics of the country. For maize, and wheat
also, the local sufficiency for market support remains for 1-2 months, because
maize is used mostly in cattle feeding and for self-consumption. Similarly, the
Wheat is another consumable crop in the houses, it has limited area and low
rate of market sale.
Table-4, Statistical summary
of production in Bagamati Province
|
District |
Paddy area (Ha) |
Paddy Production (MT) |
Yield (MT/ Ha)) |
Maize area (Ha) |
Maize Production (MT) |
Yield (MT/ Ha) |
Wheat area (Ha) |
Wheat Production (MT) |
Yield (MT/ Ha) |
|
Chitwan |
26005 |
104075 |
4 |
5986 |
24083 |
4.02 |
5088 |
19360 |
3.81 |
|
Nuwakot |
16129 |
70535 |
4.37 |
16218 |
62235 |
3.84 |
4165 |
13745 |
3.3 |
|
Kavre |
10755 |
42101 |
3.91 |
24823 |
80137 |
3.23 |
8860 |
26591 |
3 |
|
Total |
52889 |
216711 |
|
47027 |
166455 |
|
18113 |
59696 |
|
(Source: - Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development
statistical data of 2021)
According
to statistical report of Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development,
Bagamati Province has published the statistical summary of area and production
for the fiscal year 2021. From table-4 we can conclude that the Paddy
production is higher in the region and rice is the most popular food used in a
majority.
Farmers
and local representatives have stated that nearly 60 % cereals from the farm
gate goes to the markets and some 40 % production used for the HHs consumption.
From
these perspectives, it can be concluded that the overall production of table-4
can add and multiple with the average sale price of some three crops remains 40
Rs/ kg (Rice-30, Maize-30 and Wheat-60 NRS) which can be count with the 60 %
total saleable production. From the calculation we can derive that some 10628
million NPR stands which is the farm gate price for the farmers in the study
area based on the various sources. Thus, it can be concluded that the amount in
the national economy really paid a significant role in the Nepalese economy.
Table-5, Purchasing trend of
People during different time
|
Legend |
Purchase normal |
Purchase_Emeregncy |
Purchase Festival |
|||
|
N |
% |
N |
% |
N |
% |
|
|
For some days |
35 |
77.8 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
For a week or two |
1 |
2.2 |
1 |
2.2 |
36 |
80 |
|
for a month or two |
9 |
20 |
20 |
44.4 |
9 |
20 |
|
Stock for 3 or more than that |
24 |
53.3 |
0 |
0 |
||
|
Total |
45 |
100 |
45 |
100 |
45 |
100 |
(Source: - Field Study, 2022)
The
Study illustrating that the trend of market purchase for most of the people
remains for some days in normal time, whereas during crisis or emergencies
period respondents said that during COVID-10 pandemic people do stock for 3
months and over than that time. In case of Festival time also the majority do
stock for a week due to smooth operation of markets in the nearby area.
The
FGD had a similar response that locals are purchasing cereals from the local
market for some weeks or months and those people took for some more days who
are remotely locating otherwise urban people do purchase for the short period
due to the availability of food item and functional market.
Conclusion
The
study concluded as the local production is only sufficient in the study area
for some 2-3 months from the own production for selected rice, maize, and wheat
crop. Market supply runs due to local-neighbor-terai and Indian supply chain
system, agent mode of supply is much appreciable. Market played a significant
role in the commodity transection in the study area. To meet the sustainable demands
of the people India and Terai district support is ongoing in the supply system.
The overall productions statistics concluded as Paddy is the most useable crops
and had a great significance in the consumption levels. Farm gate income and
other income probability signifies that the role of commodity is vital in the
National economy in a positive way. Buyers purchase patterns is normal in most
of the time whereas during crisis it increased during limited market
functioning.
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Panta, S., Neupane, D., & Bhattarai, P. (2023). Preferred Learning
Techniques among Bachelor’s Level Students. Nepal Journal of
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exploratory research on academic performance of school students with
reference to religion. International Journal of Applied Research, 4(5),
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Shastha Banu, A. A. (2024). Healing through Ruqyah and Academic
Achievement of Children in Muslim Community. Nepal Journal of
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Shrestha, R., & Timalsena, C. (2023). Perceived External CSR from
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Shrestha, S., Mahat, D., & Neupane, D. (2024). Quantitative Research
Design and Sample Trends: A Systematic Examination of Emerging Paradigms and
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Subedi, C. K., & Neupane, D. (2018). Gender differences in learning
style preferences of high school students. International Journal of
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Adhikari, L., &
Thapa, M. (2024). Exploring Forms and Practices of Menstruation in the Changing
Social System: A Study of Suryabinayak-05, Katunje, Bhaktapur. Baneshwor
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Airi, L. B., & Bhattarai, S. P. (2024). Exploring the
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Dangol, S., & Mishra, R. (2024). Patient Characteristics
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Dhungel, H. B. (2024). Impact of Climate Change on the
Farming Community of Bhaktapur District of Nepal. Baneshwor Campus Journal
of Academia, 3(1), 50–62. https://doi.org/10.3126/bcja.v3i1.65496
Ghimire, S., & Lamichhane, M. R. (2024). The Concept of
National Security in Kautilya’s Arthashastra. Baneshwor Campus Journal of
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Khadka, S., Nyaupane, N. P., & Timalsena, C. (2024).
Assessing the Relationship between Demographic Attributes and Patients’ Views
of Hospital Environment. Baneshwor Campus Journal of Academia, 3(1),
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Neupane, A., & Baral, B. R. (2024). Understanding Suicide
Cases in Nepal: A Comprehensive Analysis of Personality Traits. Baneshwor
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Pandey, L. (2024). Interplay of Corporate Sector, Politics,
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Pariyar, M. S., Bhujel, S., Kushwaha, S., Gyawali, A., Lama,
S., & Neupane, D. K. (2024). Exploring Elements of Style in the Poem
“Drought”: Unraveling the Layers of Meaning. Baneshwor Campus Journal of
Academia, 3(1), 86–95. https://doi.org/10.3126/bcja.v3i1.65617
Rimal, P., Bhattarai, P., Pokhrel, P., Pradhananga, P.,
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Relationship between Students Attitude and Online Shopping. Baneshwor Campus
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Sigdel, U., & Rijal, T. (2024). Persistent and
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Nepal’s Citizenship Law: Addressing the Risk of Statelessness in Accordance
with International Conventions. Baneshwor Campus Journal of Academia, 3(1),
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